Forging Design Allowances: closed die
draft angle external#copper alloys to draft angle internal#titanium alloys
Forging process design allowances for closed-die, open-die, ring-rolled, upset, and precision forgings. Covers draft angles (internal and external), fillet and corner radii, web thickness, rib height-to-width ratio, machining allowances, mismatch tolerance, flash extension, straightness tolerance, and dimensional tolerances (plus/minus). Materials include carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, copper alloys, and nickel superalloys. Tolerance ranges span small (< 1 kg) to large (> 50 kg) parts. Data per ASM Handbook Vol 14A, FIA Design Guidelines, ASTM A788, ASTM B247, BS EN 10243, AMS 4928.
| forging process | design parameter | material | unit | value max | value min | value typical |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| closed die | draft angle external#copper alloys | copper alloys | deg | 5 | 1 | 3 |
| closed die | draft angle external#nickel superalloys | nickel superalloys | deg | 7 | 3 | 5 |
| closed die | draft angle external#stainless steel | stainless steel | deg | 7 | 3 | 5 |
| closed die | draft angle external#titanium alloys | titanium alloys | deg | 7 | 3 | 5 |
| closed die | draft angle internal#alloy steel | alloy steel | deg | 10 | 5 | 7 |
| closed die | draft angle internal#aluminum alloys | aluminum alloys | deg | 7 | 3 | 5 |
| closed die | draft angle internal#carbon steel | carbon steel | deg | 10 | 5 | 7 |
| closed die | draft angle internal#nickel superalloys | nickel superalloys | deg | 10 | 5 | 7 |
| closed die | draft angle internal#stainless steel | stainless steel | deg | 10 | 5 | 7 |
| closed die | draft angle internal#titanium alloys | titanium alloys | deg | 10 | 5 | 7 |
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