Ground Improvement Parameters: preloading_PVD
Design parameters for ground improvement techniques — stone columns, soil mixing, jet grouting, dynamic compaction, vibro-compaction, preloading with PVDs, deep soil mixing, micropiles, and ground freezing — with bearing capacity, settlement reduction, column dimensions, applicable soils, and QC methods
| technique | applicable soil types | QC method | bearing capacity increase factor max (dimensionless) | bearing capacity increase factor min (dimensionless) | environmental impact | improvement depth max m (m) | liquefaction mitigation | modulus improvement factor max (dimensionless) | modulus improvement factor min (dimensionless) | notes | production rate m per day (m/day) | relative cost | settlement reduction factor max (dimensionless) | settlement reduction factor min (dimensionless) | spacing m max (m) | spacing m min (m) | undrained shear strength gain pct max (percent) | undrained shear strength gain pct min (percent) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| preloading_PVD | silt_low_plasticity | settlement_plates_piezometers | 2.2 | 1.3 | low | 18 | no | 4 | 2 | Low plasticity silts have moderate Cv; drain spacing 1.0-2.0m for rapid consolidation; secondary compression moderate; suitable for embankment construction over silty foundations; staged loading may be required for stability; FoS>1.4 minimum during construction | 30 | low | 0.72 | 0.35 | 2 | 1 | 70 | 30 |
| preloading_PVD | soft_clay | settlement_gauges_and_piezometers | 2 | 1.2 | low | 20 | no | 5 | 2 | Preload surcharge with prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs); consolidation time 3-12 months depending on drain spacing and soil properties; PVD spacing 1.0-2.5m; drain installation rate 1000-3000 lm/day per rig; Cv 1e-4 to 1e-3 cm2/s typical; degree of consolidation 90%+ achievable; monitoring by settlement plates and piezometers; requires surcharge height 3-8m; vacuum consolidation alternative (no surcharge needed) | 30 | low | 0.7 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 1 | 80 | 30 |
| preloading_PVD | soft_organic_silt | settlement_gauges_piezometers_inclinometers | 1.8 | 1.2 | low | 15 | no | 4 | 1.5 | Organic soils have lower Cv and higher secondary compression; longer consolidation periods required; secondary settlement may govern even after 90% primary consolidation; Ca/Cc = 0.04-0.06 for organic soils vs 0.01-0.02 for clays | 25 | low | 0.6 | 0.25 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 70 | 25 |
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