Binary Phase Diagrams: Cu-Sn
Key invariant points and phase boundary data for important binary alloy systems. Covers 10 systems: Fe-C (iron-carbon), Al-Si, Al-Cu, Cu-Zn (brass), Cu-Sn (tin bronze), Pb-Sn (solder), Ni-Cu (complete solid solution), Ti-Al (titanium aluminides), Mg-Al, and Au-Cu. Includes eutectic and eutectoid compositions and temperatures, peritectic reactions, phase solubility limits, solidus/liquidus temperatures, phase names, and engineering significance. Data per ASM Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams 2nd Ed and standard materials science references.
| alloy system | invariant point or boundary | component 1 name | component 2 name | composition 1 wt pct (wt%) | engineering significance | notes | phase alpha | phase beta | phase description | reaction type | temperature C (C) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cu-Sn | alpha_max_solubility | Sn | Cu | 13.5 | Defines composition limit for single-phase tin bronzes; alloys below 13.5%Sn can be single-phase with slow cooling | Commercial tin bronzes: C90300 (8%Sn), C90500 (10%Sn); fast cooling traps beta | alpha_FCC | beta | Maximum tin solubility in alpha-Cu at 798°C (peritectic temperature) | phase_boundary | 798 |
| Cu-Sn | delta_phase | Sn | Cu | 32.5 | Delta phase makes high-tin bronzes (>20%Sn) brittle; bell metal (78Cu-22Sn) exploits this for hardness | Delta decomposes very slowly; commercial bronzes retain metastable delta at room temperature | alpha_FCC | delta | Delta eutectoid reaction: beta -> alpha + delta at 586°C; delta is hard brittle intermetallic (Cu31Sn8) | phase_boundary | 586 |
| Cu-Sn | epsilon_phase | Sn | Cu | 37.8 | High-Sn bronzes (>25%Sn) contain epsilon; speculum metal (67Cu-33Sn) is alpha+epsilon | Epsilon has orthorhombic crystal structure; used in mirror/reflective applications historically | delta | epsilon | Epsilon phase (Cu3Sn) forms below 520°C; very hard intermetallic | phase_boundary | 520 |
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