Water Treatment Chemical Doses: Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)
Chemical dosing data for water and wastewater treatment processes. Covers coagulants (alum, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, PAC, ferrous sulfate), disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, gaseous chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, UV), pH adjustment chemicals (lime, soda ash, caustic soda, sulfuric acid, CO2), softening agents, dechlorination chemicals (sodium bisulfite, sodium thiosulfate), polymers (cationic, anionic, nonionic), fluoridation chemicals, activated carbon, potassium permanganate, ammonia, and copper sulfate. Each record includes typical dose range (mg/L), optimal pH range, contact time, chemical form, commercial concentration, specific gravity, cost, safety hazards, and storage requirements. 41 records per AWWA, EPA, and Metcalf & Eddy references.
| chemical | treatment process | chemical form | chemical formula | commercial concentration pct | contact time min (min) | cost per lb approx (USD/lb) | safety hazards | specific gravity (dimensionless) | storage requirements | target contaminant | typical dose mg per L max (mg/L) | typical dose mg per L min (mg/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) | dbp_precursor_removal | dry powder | C (activated) | 90+ | 15 | 0.5 | Combustible dust; inhalation | 0.3 | Explosion-resistant silo; wet slurry system preferred | disinfection byproduct precursors | 50 | 10 |
| Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) | taste_odor_control | dry powder | C (activated) | 90+ | 15 | 0.5 | Combustible dust hazard (MEC ~60 g/m3); inhalation nuisance; suppress ignition sources | 0.3 | Silo with explosion venting; grounding and bonding; wet unloading preferred | geosmin/MIB/VOCs/pesticides | 50 | 5 |
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