Dry Bulk Solids: biomass
Flow and physical properties of dry bulk solids for hopper, bin, silo, chute, and conveyor design. Covers grains, aggregates, chemicals, plastics pellets, and biomass. Properties include bulk density (loose/packed), angle of repose, angle of internal friction, Jenike flow factor (ff), Hausner ratio, Carr compressibility index, cohesion class, and moisture sensitivity. Per Jenike Storage and Flow of Solids Bulletin 123, Schulze Powders and Bulk Solids, and CEMA Belt Conveyors.
| material category | material name | angle of internal friction deg (degrees) | angle of repose deg (degrees) | bulk density loose kg m3 (kg/m3) | bulk density packed kg m3 (kg/m3) | carr compressibility index (%) | cohesion class | hausner ratio (dimensionless) | jenike flow factor ff (dimensionless) | moisture sensitivity | notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| biomass | sawdust | 50 | 45 | 190 | 270 | 30 | cohesive | 1.42 | 1.8 | high | Sawdust and wood shavings (<3 mm); fine irregular particles; poor flow; can bridge in hoppers |
| biomass | wood_chips_dry | 45 | 40 | 160 | 220 | 27 | slightly_cohesive | 1.38 | 3 | medium | Air-dried wood chips (<20% MC); even lower bulk density; high compressibility reflects springback |
| biomass | wood_chips_green | 50 | 45 | 240 | 280 | 14 | slightly_cohesive | 1.17 | 2.5 | high | Green wood chips (>40% MC); low bulk density; interlock causes high angle of repose; high friction |
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