Boiling Condensation Htc: pool boiling
nucleate developed#ethanol#flat plate#horizontal#101kPa to transition#water#flat plate#horizontal#101kPa
Boiling and condensation heat transfer coefficients — pool boiling (nucleate, film, CHF), flow boiling (subcooled, saturated, annular, microchannel), and condensation (filmwise, dropwise, in-tube) correlations and data
| regime | record id | applicability notes | correlation name | fluid | geometry | heat flux kWm2 (kW/m2) | htc high Wm2K (W/m2K) | htc low Wm2K (W/m2K) | htc typical Wm2K (W/m2K) | orientation | pressure kPa (kPa) | sub regime |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pool boiling | nucleate developed#ethanol#flat plate#horizontal#101kPa | Nucleate pool boiling of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) at 1 atm; saturation temp 78.4°C; Csf ~ 0.0027 on Cu; lower surface tension than water increases nucleation; HTC lower than water at same heat flux | Rohsenow 1952 | ethanol | flat plate | 50 | 10,000 | 1,000 | 4,000 | horizontal | 101.3 | nucleate developed |
| pool boiling | nucleate developed#nitrogen liquid#flat plate#horizontal#101kPa | Nucleate pool boiling of LN2 at 1 atm (Tsat=-195.8°C); low surface tension (~8.8 mN/m) and low latent heat (199 kJ/kg) promote nucleation at low superheat; ONB wall superheat <0.5 K | Rohsenow / Klimenko 1988 | nitrogen liquid | flat plate | 20 | 20,000 | 3,000 | 8,000 | horizontal | 101.3 | nucleate developed |
| pool boiling | nucleate developed#r134a#flat plate#horizontal#770kPa | Nucleate pool boiling of R-134a at Tsat=10°C (770 kPa); HTC 20-39% lower than R-410A at same conditions; strong heat-flux dependence h~q^0.7; Csf values from Rohsenow correlation | Cooper 1984 / Stephan-Abdelsalam | r134a | flat plate | 30 | 12,000 | 2,000 | 5,000 | horizontal | 770 | nucleate developed |
| pool boiling | nucleate developed#r410a#flat plate#horizontal#1085kPa | Nucleate pool boiling of R-410A at Tsat=10°C (1085 kPa); 20-39% higher HTC than R-134a at same heat flux; high reduced pressure promotes nucleation | Cooper 1984 | r410a | flat plate | 50 | 16,000 | 3,000 | 7,500 | horizontal | 1,085 | nucleate developed |
| pool boiling | nucleate developed#water#flat plate#horizontal#1000kPa | Developed nucleate boiling at 10 atm; pressure-enhanced HTC; CHF ~ 4 MW/m2 at ~35 bar per Lienhard | Rohsenow 1952 / Mostinskii | water | flat plate | 100 | 40,000 | 6,000 | 18,000 | horizontal | 1,000 | nucleate developed |
| pool boiling | nucleate developed#water#flat plate#horizontal#101kPa | Fully developed nucleate boiling; high active nucleation site density; CHF not yet reached; Csf=0.013 for water/polished Cu; 100 kW/m2 midrange heat flux | Rohsenow 1952 | water | flat plate | 100 | 30,000 | 5,000 | 12,000 | horizontal | 101.3 | nucleate developed |
| pool boiling | onset nucleate#water#flat plate#horizontal#1000kPa | Nucleate boiling ONB at 10 atm (1 MPa); saturation temp ~180°C; pressure effect increases CHF and shifts boiling curve left; more active nucleation sites | Rohsenow 1952 | water | flat plate | 5 | 3,000 | 800 | 1,500 | horizontal | 1,000 | onset nucleate |
| pool boiling | onset nucleate#water#flat plate#horizontal#101kPa | Onset of nucleate boiling (ONB); wall superheat ~3–5 K; low active site density; valid for water on metallic surfaces at 1 atm | Rohsenow 1952 | water | flat plate | 5 | 2,000 | 500 | 1,000 | horizontal | 101.3 | onset nucleate |
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